Compact disc (CD): CD-DA, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, 5.1 Music Disc, Super Audio CD (SACD), Photo CD, CD Video (CDV), Video CD (VCD), Super Video CD (SVCD), CD+G, CD-Text, CD-ROM XA, CD-i, MIL-CD
CD-RW (Compact Disc-ReWritable) is a digitaloptical discstorage format introduced in 1997. A CD-RW compact disc (CD-RWs) can be written, read, erased, and re-written.
From left to right, there's the 'hp dvd writer dvd420i' label, with the HP logo above, and the General Status LED (1) beneath, the Emergency Eject hole (1), the DVD-R/-RW icon (3), the DVD+R/+RW icon (4), and the Compact Disc ReWritable Ultra Speed icon (6) with the Eject button beneath (5). ECMA-395 1st Edition / December 2010 Recordable Compact Disc Systems CD-RW Ultra-Speed.
CD-RWs, as opposed to CDs, require specialized readers that have sensitive laser optics. Consequently, CD-RWs cannot be read in many CD readers built prior to the introduction of CD-RW. CD-ROM drives with a 'MultiRead' certification are compatible.
CD-RWs must be erased or blanked before reuse. Erasure methods include full blanking where the entire surface of the disc is erased and fast blanking where only metadata areas, such as PMA, TOC and pregap, are cleared. Fast blanking is quicker and usually sufficient to allow rewriting the disc. Full blanking removes all traces of the previous data, and is often used for confidentiality purposes, though it may be possible to recover data with specialty recovery equipment.[citation needed]
CD-RWs can sustain fewer re-writes compared to other storage media (ca. 1,000 compared up to 100,000). Ideal use is for test discs, temporary backups, and as a middle-ground between online and offline storage schemes.
2Mechanism of action
CD-MO[edit]
Before CD-RW technology, in 1990 a standard for magneto-optical recordable and erasable CDs called CD-MO was introduced and set in the Orange Book, part 1 as a CD with a magneto-optical recording layer. The CD-MO standard allowed for an optional non-erasable zone on the disc that could be read by CD-ROM units.
Data recording (and erasing) was achieved by heating the magneto-optical layer's material (e.g. DyFeCo or less often TbFeCo or GdFeCo) to its Curie point and then using a magnetic field to write the new data, in a manner essentially identical to Sony's MiniDisc and other magneto-optical formats. Reading the discs relied on the Kerr effect a major format flaw. The rewrite could only be read in special drives and was incompatible with non-magneto-optical enabled drives. The format was never released commercially,[1] mostly because of incompatibility with standard CD reading units. Early CD-R media contained a similar compatibility flaw.
Since the CD-MO was otherwise identical to CDs, the format still adopted a spiral-groove recording scheme, rendering the disc poorly suited as a removable medium for repeated, small-scale deletions and recordings. Some magneto-optical drives and media with the same form factor don't have this limitation. Unlike modern CD-RWs, CD-MO allowed for hybrid discs containing both an unmodifiable, pressed section, readable in standard drives, and a writable MO section.
The early introduction and no standards for disc recording software, file systems, and formats, physical incompatibility, coupled with more economical CD-R discs, led to abandoning the format.[2][3] Other magneto-optical media, unbound by limitations of the typical CD-ROM filesystems, replaced the CD-MO.
Mechanism of action[edit]
Rewritable media can, with suitable hardware, be re-written up to 100 000 times. The CD-RW is based on phase change technology, with a degree of reflection at 15–25%,[4] compared to 40–70% for CD-R discs.[4] The properties of the medium and the write and erase procedure is defined in the Orange Book Part III.
To maintain a precise rotation speed, tracks have a slight superimposed sinusoidal excursion of 0.3 µm at a frequency of 22.05 kHz.[4] In addition a 1 kHzfrequency modulation is applied to provide the recorder with an absolute time reference.[4] Groove width is 0.6 µm and pitch of 1.6 µm.[4]
The media for CD-RW has the same layers as CD-R media. The reflective layer is, however, a silver-indium-antimony-tellurium (AgInSbTe) alloy with a polycrystalline structure and reflective properties in its original state. When writing the laser beam uses its maximum power (8 - 14 mW)[4] to heat the material to 500–700 °C causing material liquefaction. In this state, the alloy loses its polycrystalline structure and reflectivity and assumes an amorphous state. The lost reflectivity serves the same function as bumps on manufactured CDs and the opaque spots on a CD-R are read as a '0'.[5] The polycrystalline state of the disc forms the trenches, which are read as '1'.[5] The scanning signal when reading is created by strong or weak reflection of the laser beam. To erase the disc, the write beam heats the amorphous regions with low power to about 200 °C. The alloy is not melted, but returns to the polycrystalline state and is again reflective.
Authoring[edit]
Data structure on a CD-RW
During and after a disc authoring the distribution of data on the CD-RW varies. The following areas are present:
PCA: The Power Calibration Area is used to determine the correct power level for the laser.
PMA: The Program Memory Area of a CDRW is a record of the data recorded on an unfinished or unfinalized disc. It is used as a transition TOC while the session is still open. PMA records may contain information on up to 99 audio tracks and their start and stop times (CD-DA), or sector addresses for the start of data files for each session on a data CD.
PA: The Program Area contains the audio tracks or data files.
SUA: The System User Area The PCA and the PMA grouped together are sometimes denoted as the System User Area.
Each session on a multi-session disc has a corresponding lead-in, PMA, PA and lead-out. When the session is closed TOC information in the PMA is written into a lead-in area and the PCA and PMA are logically eliminated. The lead-out is created to mark the end of the data in the session.
Speed specifications[edit]
Spec[1]
Speed
(Original, 'slow')
1×, 2×, 4×
High Speed
8×, 10×, 12×
Ultra Speed
16×, 20×, 24×
Ultra Speed+
32×
Philips created the 'High-Speed' CD-RW logo for media that supports writing speeds above 4×.
Like a CD-R, a CD-RW has hardcoded speed specifications which limit recording speeds to fairly restrictive ranges. Unlike a CD-R, a CD-RW has a minimum writing speed under which the discs cannot be recorded, based on the phase change material's heating and cooling time constants and the required laser energy levels.
Since the CD-RW discs need to be blanked before recording data, writing too slowly or with too low energy on a high speed unblanked disc will cause the phase change layer to cool before blanking is achieved, preventing the data from being written.
Similarly, using inappropriately high amounts of laser energy will cause the material to overheat and be 'insensitive' to the data, a situation typical of slower discs used in a high powered and fast specification drive.[citation needed]
For these reasons, older CD-RW drives that lack appropriate firmware and hardware are not compatible with newer, high-speed CD-RW discs, while newer drives can record to older CD-RW discs, provided their firmware correct speed, delay, and power settings can be appropriately set.
The actual reading speed of CD-RW discs, however, is not directly correlated or bound to speed specification, but depends primarily on the reading drive's capabilities.
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Bennett, Hugh. 'CD-E: Call it Erasable, Call it Rewritable, but will it Fly?' CD-ROM Professional Sept. 1996: 28+
Steinmetz, Ralf and Nahrstedt, Klara. 'Multimedia Fundamentals Volume 1: Media Coding and Content Processing', ISBN0-13-031399-8.
This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the 'relicensing' terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
External links[edit]
ECMA-395: Recordable Compact Disc Systems CD-RW Ultra-Speed (standardized Orange Book, Part III, Volume 3)
^Upgrading and repairing PCs By Scott Mueller, page 739: 'The Orange Book comes in three parts: Part I describes a format called CD-MO (magneto-optical), which was to be a rewritable format but was withdrawn before any products really came to market'
^'Wayback Machine'(PDF). 6 February 2012. Archived from the original(PDF) on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ abcdef'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2011-05-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ ab'How CD Burners Work'. howstuffworks.com. 1 August 2001. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CD-RW&oldid=929537077'
Dvd/cd rewritable drive, Drx-530ul, System requirements
Advertising
DRX-530UL
DVD/CD Rewritable Drive
The DRX-530UL can be used in systems with the following capabilities.
Windows
❑ CPU: Pentium II 400 MHz (with MyDVD:
Pentium III 800 MHz) or higher.
❑ OS:
Windows 2000 Professional (Windows 2000) Windows XP Home Edition (Windows XP) Windows XP Professional (Windows XP)
❑ At least 128 MB RAM
(with Windows XP: 256 MB RAM)
❑ 1 GB (with MyDVD: 10 GB) free hard
disk space
❑ i.LINK or USB connector
External Compact Disc Rewritable Ultra Speed User Manual Youtube
CAUTION
• The above system requirements are given as minimum
requirements for a system on which basic writing performance to supported CDs/DVDs can be obtained. In actual use, the requirements for the writing software and other supplied software also have to be taken into consideration. Refer to your software user’s guides for details.
• Appropriate discs are needed when writing at 8
×
speed to DVD+R, 4
×
speed to DVD+RW/+R/-R, 10
×
speed or faster to CD-RW, and 2
×
speed to DVD-RW.
System Requirements
• Writing speed may automatically be adjusted
depending on the disc, specified disc speed, or disc conditions such as weight imbalance and eccentricity.
• System meeting the following requirements is needed
in order to use USB 2.0 operation with this device. — Hi-Speed USB (USB 2.0-compliant) interface
cable (included).
— System equipped with a Hi-Speed USB (USB 2.0-
compliant) connector or PCI adapter card, and running the USB 2.0 EHCI device driver
1)
.
1)
The USB 2.0 EHCI driver software is supplied with currently available PCI adapter cards that conform to USB 2.0. Further, Microsoft has released the USB 2.0 EHCI driver software for Windows XP, therefore it is also possible to use this driver software with Windows XP. For details, contact your USB 2.0 adapter dealer or consult the Microsoft Corporation Web site.
• When connected to a product that does not support Hi-
Speed USB, the maximum transfer rate is limited to 12 Mbps (equivalent to a USB 1.1 transfer rate).
• You cannot use the i.LINK and USB interfaces
simultaneously.
Incompatible Sony VAIO computers
Regardless of the version of Windows they are running, the following models of VAIO computers are incompatible with the DRX-530UL when connected through an i.LINK cable.
Products for USA
: PCG-F360, PCG-F350,
PCG-F340, PCG-Z505R, PCG-Z505RX
Products for Europe : PCG-F304, PCG-F305 Products for Japan : PCG-F34/BP, PCG-Z505JL,
PCG-Z505J/BP, PCG-Z505JX
The DRX-530UL has the following features.
❑ An external DVD/CD RW drive with i.LINK
(IEEE1394) and Hi-Speed USB (USB 2.0- compliant) interfaces for computers.
❑ Supports writing and rewriting to
DVD+R/RW and DVD-R/RW discs.
❑ Supports reading DVD-Video and DVD-
ROM discs.
❑ Supports writing and rewriting to CD-R/
RW discs.
❑ Supports reading of other types of discs
(CD-ROM, CD TEXT, Photo CD, etc.).
❑ Features
to prevent
buffer under-run errors.
•
includes
Introduction
Package Contents
Please verify that the package contains the following. If any of these items appears to be missing or damaged, please contact your supplier.
• DRX-530UL drive
• i.LINK cable (6-pin to 6-pin)
×
1
• Hi-Speed USB cable
×
1
(6-pin to 4-pin)
×
1
• AC power cord
• AC adaptor (MPA-AC1)
• Product Information
• Quick Start Guide
• Software Quick Start Guide
(this document)
• Software disc (DVD-ROM)
• Warranty card
CAUTION
To guard against possible loss or damage, be sure to make a backup copy of the provided software disc on a DVD+R disc or other media. The software disc is not sold separately.
Please Record Responsibly
Before copying anything to a disc, please be sure that you are not violating copyright laws. Most software companies allow you to make a backup or archive copy of software. Check your software’s license agreement for details.
DVD-Video Playback and Region Codes
The playback of DVD-Video (DVD discs) is protected and controlled by a region code setting*. *Region Playback Control standard (RPC
standard)
In order for the DVD/CD RW drive to play back DVD-Video disc, the region code on the DVD disc, the region code of the DVD/ CD RW drive, and the region code of the DVD-Video software must all match.
DVD-Video Playback and Region Codes with the DRX-530UL
With the DRX-530UL, the region code can be set up to five times, including the initial assignment (RPC phase 2 standard). The DVD-Video playback software sets the DRX-530UL region code.
Important
After setting the region code five times (including the initial setting), the setting becomes permanent and can no longer be changed. From this point on, you are only able to play back DVD-Video discs whose region code matches the one set the fifth time.
CAUTION
Do not attempt to make unauthorized changes to the region code. Any problems resulting from doing so are not covered by the warranty.
Points to Consider when Playing DVD-Video Discs
DVD-Video disc playback conditions are sometimes determined by software manufacturers. Because the DRX-530UL plays back discs as determined by software manufacturers, some drive functions may not always perform as expected. When playing back DVD-Video discs, refer to the instructions accompanying each disc.
Product Information
Included Documents
❑ Quick Start Guide
❑ Software Quick Start Guide
❑ Electronic manual on
❑ Warranty card
the software disc
❑ Product Information
(this document)
2003 Sony Corporation
Printed in Malaysia
English
Please refer to this manual together with the “Dual Interface Drive User’s Guide” in the attached Software disc, which carries more detailed information.
Français
Reportez-vous au présent manuel ainsi qu’au document intitulé “Lecteur d'interface Dual - Guide de l’utilisateur” contenu sur le disque du logiciel accompagnant ce produit pour plus de détails.
Deutsch
Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte diesem Handbuch sowie der “Laufwerk mit Dual-Schnittstelle - Anwenderanleitung” auf der mitgelieferten Software-Disc.
Español
Consulte este manual junto con la “Unidad de interfaz Dual - Guía del usuario” del disco de software suministrado, que contiene información más detallada.
Italiano
Fare riferimento al presente manuale insieme a “Guida dell’utilizzatore dell’unità disco con interfaccia Dual” nel disco del software allegato, nel quale sono contenute informazioni più dettagliate.
Português
Consulte este manual juntamente com o “Guia do Utilizador do Drive de Interface Dual” incluído no disco de software fornecido, para obter informações mais detalhadas.
Nederlands
Raadpleeg deze handleiding alsook de “Dual Station-interface -Gebruikershandleiding” op de bijgevoegde Software Disc, die meer gedetaileerde informatie bevat.
Svenska
Förutom denna bruksanvisning finns mer information i “Brukanvisning för enhet med Dual gränssnitt” på den medföljande programskivan.
4-681-639-11(1)
Compatible discs
DVD+R DVD+R
(
4
×
)
DVD+R
(
8
×
)
DVD+RW DVD+RW
(
4
×
)
DVD-R DVD-R
(
4
×
)
DVD-RW DVD-RW
(
2
×
)
DVD-ROM DVD-Video CD-R CD-RW CD-RW
(High Speed)
CD-RW
(Ultra Speed)
CD-ROM CD-DA
1)
CD-DA
(DAE)
Disc diameter DVD: 12 cm
8 cm
CD : 12 cm
8 cm
1)
This product is designed to playback discs that conform to the Compact Disc (CD) standard. Recently, various music discs encoded with copyright protection technologies are marketed by some record companies. Please be aware that among those discs, there are some that do not conform to the CD standard and may not be playable by this product. When you use this unit as an audio CD player, use compact discs with the following mark.
Writing Systems
DVD Random write Sequential write
Drive
Maximum data transfer rate DVD : 21.6 MB/s (12
×
speed
2)
)
CD
: 6.0 MB/s (40
×
speed
2)
)
Ultra Speed Hard Drive
Access time Average random stroke Approx. 200 ms (DVD) Approx. 160 ms (CD)
2)
Maximum data transfer rate depends on the capabilities of the host PC
Buffer under-run error protection
Main Specifications
Read (max.)
8
×
-CAV
8
×
-CAV
8
×
-CAV
8
×
-CAV
8
×
-CAV
8
×
-CAV
8
×
-CAV
8
×
-CAV
8
×
-CAV
12
×
-CAV
12
×
-CAV
40
×
-CAV
40
×
-CAV
40
×
-CAV
40
×
-CAV
40
×
-CAV
4
Ч
40
Ч
-CAV
a a a a
Write (max.)
2.4
Ч
4
Ч
8
Ч
-ZCLV 2.4
Ч
External Compact Disc Rewritable Ultra Speed User Manual System